Women of Jazz Essay Example for Free

Women of Jazz Essay I interviewed a girl that lives close to me. She explained her high school story to me, involving friends, family, peers, bullies, and boys. The interview was done as if it were only 2 people talking because I didn’t want her to feel any pressure. She explained what it was like going through puberty by herself, without the help of anyone. How the first two years of high school were and how she disliked it. How after she came back from her summer after sophomore year, she had no problems with anyone and explained how she had a boyfriend for a while. The girl I interviewed relates to plenty of topics that were discussed in the class like, self-esteem, peers, popularity, groups, bullies, family and sexuality. I interviewed an adolescent that lived very close to me. She is a senior in High School, getting ready for Prom and all the fun senior privileges she is able to do. She is a regular girl going through a regular life in High School. She does well in school, never got in trouble. The way I interviewed her, was not based on a question and answer type of an interview. I listened to what she had to tell me about her life. She talked about friends, family, school, and boys. She started off telling me about how she dealt with going through puberty; she said that she went through it alone. When she first received her period, she figured out everything herself without having her mom’s or doctor’s help. This shows a sense of autonomy and how she expressed a sense of independence where she figured out what was going on with her body by using sources like the internet. She then mentioned her struggled with her weight. She told me that she wanted to be skinny like all of the other girls at school, and the women she saw in magazines and T. V. shows. She tried to starve herself to get skinny and ended up in the hospital. She then decided to lose weight more efficiently by eating healthy and working out. She made social comparisons about herself to the other girls in her high school and the women she idolized in magazines and T. V. shows. She then talked about the beginning of high school and how she only had a very few handful of friends, mostly tended to be girls. This is due to â€Å"The Sex Cleavage†; girls hang out with girls and boys, with boys (Feldman, 2008). But as adolescents get older, hormones kick in and they being to find the opposite sex attractive and want to be friends with the opposite sex. She went on talking about the popular kids mostly guys that would make fun of her because she was not part of their clique or not cool enough to be their friends. As an adolescent, friends are a very important to have. But she had to deal with male that were not trying to be her friend, but were bullies towards her which lowered her self-esteem even more (Feldman, 2008). They bullied her because she was not popular; this type of an adolescent is referred to as â€Å"rejected adolescent† (Feldman, 2008). A rejected adolescent is someone that has very few friends, doesn’t really engage in social activities and more likely to feel lonely. Bullying is a common experience for many children and adolescents. Surveys indicate that as many as half of all children are bullied at some time during their school years, and at least 10% are bullied on a regular basis (Feldman, 2008). She told me that when she went back to school for her junior year, no body made fun of her. She explained it as if she had â€Å"blossomed† and that’s why no one made fun of her. She seemed please when she told me. This type of an adolescent if known to be a â€Å"popular adolescent†, these adolescence have more friends, are liked by most people and don’t feel lonely at all due to the fact they have a lot of friends (Feldman, 2008). She hadn’t had a problem until her beginning of senior year. There were two rumors that were spread around the high school about her. These two rumors did not affect her she stated while telling the event. Her new popularity status gave her the confidence boost to not let the rumors affect her and not bring her down. She discovered her identity, and embraced it. She then on went about her family. She grew up in a strict family home were her parents were not born in America, but from Poland like myself. She said that they were very strict with what she could and could not do. She had a strict curfew also, she was basically locked up and was not allowed to do things her friends could do. They were using an Authoritarian parenting style (Feldman, 2008). Their relationship with a child is where the parent’s word is law. Authoritarian parents do not engage in discussions with their teen and family rules and standards are not debated. But when she turned 18 they gave her more freedom, she was allowed to stay out later, go to parties, and do pretty much what her friends did. This type of parenting style is known as â€Å"Authoritative†, were the parents and somewhat strict, but let the adolescent have a sense of independence (Feldman, 2008). Authoritative parents engage in discussions and debates with their adolescent, although ultimate responsibility reside with the parent (Kroger, 2004). Research demonstrates that adolescents of authoritative parents learn how to negotiate and engage in discussions. They understand that their opinions are valued. As a result, they are more likely to be socially competent, responsible, and autonomous Authoritarian parents believe the adolescent should accept, without question, the rules and practices that they establish (Kroger, 2004). Research reveals that adolescents of authoritarian parents learn that following parental rules and listening to strict discipline is valued over independent behavior. As a result, adolescents may become rebellious or dependent. The adolescence which becomes rebellious might display aggressive behaviors. Adolescents who are more submissive tend to remain dependent on their parents (Kroger, 2004). She talked about her friends and how she didn’t have any problems with them. She stayed friends with the people that had the same interests as her and hadn’t changed her friends throughout high school. She was part of her own crowd that did not do any illegal or violent things to themselves or other people. She went on talking about how other kids were acting, doing drugs, and having sex, drinking alcohol, doing everything they can just to make them seem like their cool doing these â€Å"adult† things. Adolescence always wants to try to be like their peers . During adolescence, they are looking for ways to separate from their families and begin to define themselves as individuals. To define their individualism, they turn to friends for guidance and direction (Kroger, 2004). They tend to mimic their peer’s behaviors and take up the same attitudes. Conforming to social norms helps them redefine themselves while earning them acceptance and approval. For adolescence, fitting in to the crown makes them feels good and wanted by someone other than their parents (Kroger, 2004). The final topic which she brought up was her sexuality. She had only one boyfriend, the summer after her sophomore year up until the spring of junior year. She said that they were in love and both were happy with one another, but then school got in the way so they broke up. She went through depression and did end up hurting herself. She had her parents to help her through it. She told me that they will always have a special connection whenever their together because they â€Å"love† each other. She had a type of â€Å"bonding† on this boy. She also mentioned that she was also sexually active. She was part of the 80% of adolescence having sex before being 20 years old (Feldman, 2008). She made her way through Sternberg’s theory of love up to â€Å"passion†, but didn’t reach commitment due to the fact that they broke up. She hadn’t mentioned sexual orientation, but made a comment of experimenting at a party once. She also falls into the 10% of girls experimenting with the same sex (Feldman, 2008). From my interview, it showed that an average adolescent does interact with the problems learned in class. She had self-esteem issues, strict parents, being bullied and not fitting in with the popular crowd. From the outside, a stranger would think that there would have been nothing ever wrong with her, but talking about her made me think if I was the same way during high school. Makes me wonder did I go through the same problems. My interview helped me understand more about adolescence and how they go about their lives as adolescence.

Operation Individual :: Short Stories Technology Papers

Operation Individual A thousand cars, well Computer Assisted Rovers, rode up and down the sky highways of the Upper East Side. Enormous skyscrapers reached to the top of the massive dark sooty heavens that surrounded Chicago, kind of like a bubble that kept them away from the world. The year was 3015, and the world was a completely different place. It was like a metropolitan on speed. Society no longer needed sidewalks, telephones, thanks to video recorded messages, and basically crime, since the Big Brother Project made sure that THEY were watching at every possible moment. Everything was going great except for Operation Artificial Individuals, which was a project designed for the creation of a robot, that looked exactly like a human, thought like one, talked like one, and looked like one. You are all aware of the term artificial intelligence, which is understanding and even placing thought and intelligence into machines. Well since the end of the 22nd century a new term has come out, artificial in dividual or once again A.I., which was coined by Dr. Allan Newell. Dr. Newell who began Operation A.I., created artificial individuals, and mass-produced them for distribution all over the world. Now anyone could have a playmate, a brother they always wanted, and even for the desperate there was the spouse, and at prices that anyone could afford. When they were tested they were immediately approved and found to be very safe and reliable, and just as fast as they were approved they were put onto the shelves for sale. Ten years later they had filled almost half of the city of Chicago, and in many more places around the globe the same thing was happening. What people didn’t know was that the robots had the ability to take over the world if asked to. I know this because I was the one who helped create them; I was working directly under Dr. Newell when we created them. My name is Dr. Mark Altman, and I was the one who programmed them with the ability to do anything that the person with the "key" wanted them to do. See the key was exactly what it sounds like, if you have the key, all you have to do is insert it into the mainframes in his lavatories, type commands, and the artificial individuals would be at your every whim.

Marginal Revenue and Profit

?In order for a company to be able to reach its full potential financial management must be in place. This management needs to be aware of at least the basics of financial plans which are revenue, cost and profit. These three things can make or break a company. Each of these things must be understood and considered before plans can be laid to create or better a company. Revenue is the amount a company receives (Marginal Revenue, 2009). If a company is in the business of sales, revenue is the amount of money the company receives per unit sold. Marginal revenue is the amount of money a company receives for the last unit sold. This is found by dividing the change in revenue by the change in quantity sold. For companies that compete with one another marginal revenue is not very important. This is because in a competitive environment most products are sold at a set price so that marginal revenue is equal to the set sales price of the product. For a monopoly on the other hand, marginal revenue is very important. Monopolies have a decreasing marginal revenue curve (marginal Revenue, 2009); for a monopoly the marginal revenue is less than the sales price. This is because a monopoly must have a lower sales price in order to increase the amount of product sold. Total cost is the amount of money it costs to operate at a particular rate of production (Baker, 2000). There are two types of cost: variable and fixed. Fixed costs are those that remain the same regardless of production and variable costs are those that change with production. Marginal cost is the addition either to total cost or total variable cost resulting from one more unit of output (McConnall & Brue, 2008). Usually this is found by dividing the change in total cost by the change in quantity. Profit is the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting expenses (Profit, 2009). Profit maximization is the idea that people will try to create as high a profit as possible given the circumstances. Since marginal revenue is the amount of revenue an additional unit will bring in and marginal cost is the amount the additional unit will cost to produce, then profit maximization is the point where marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal (Profit Maximization, 2009). So as long as marginal cost is lower than marginal revenue there is profit, but if marginal cost ever exceeds marginal revenue the last unit should not be produced. If the marginal revenue is higher than the marginal cost, the company can produce more units. Business owners and managers need to be able to make a profit. Whenever people think of profit, they are aware that profit is the amount of money left after the expenses are paid and most people know the greater the profit the better off they will be. Most people do not know that profit maximization requires the knowledge of marginal cost and marginal revenue. In order to determine when a company is no longer profiting from production of extra units, one must know that profit maximization is the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Refernces (2009). Marginal revenue: Fundamental finance. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from fundamentalfinance. com Web site: http://economics. fundamentalfinance. com/micro_revenue. php Baker, S. (2000). Cost concepts. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from Economics interactive tutorial Web site: http://hspm. sph. sc. edu/COURSES/ECON/Cost/Cost. html (2009). Profit. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from investorwords. com Web site: http://www. investorwords. com/3880/profit. html Profit Maximization. Retrieved July 16, 2009, Web site: http://www. econ. ilstu. edu/ntskaggs/eco105/readings/profit-max. htm McConnell, C. , & Brue, S. (2008). Microeconomics 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Trojan Asteroids and their Places in the Solar System

Asteroids are hot properties of the solar system these days. Space agencies are interested in exploring them, mining companies may soon be taking them apart for their minerals, and planetary scientists are interested in the role they played in the early solar system. It turns out that Earth and nearly all the other planets owe a large part of their existence to asteroids, which contributed to the process of planetary formation. Understanding Asteroids Asteroids are rocky objects too small to be planets or moons, but orbit in various parts of the solar system. When astronomers or planetary scientists discuss ​asteroids, they usually think about the region in the solar system where many of them exist; its called the Asteroid Belt and  lies  between Mars and Jupiter. While the majority of the asteroids in our solar system seem to orbit in the Asteroid Belt, there are other groups that orbit the Sun at various distances in both the inner and outer solar system. Among these are the so-called Trojan Asteroids, which are individually named after figures in the legendary Trojan Wars from Greek myths. Nowadays, planetary scientists simply refer to them as trojans.   The Trojan Asteroids First discovered in 1906, the Trojan asteroids orbit the Sun along the same orbital path of a planet or a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹moon. Specifically, they either lead or follow the planet or moon by 60 degrees. These positions are known as the L4 and L5 Lagrange points. (LaGrange points are positions where the gravitational effects from two larger objects, the Sun and a planet, in this case, will hold a small object like an asteroid in a stable orbit.)  There are Trojans orbiting Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.   Jupiters Trojans Trojan asteroids were suspected to exist as far back as 1772 but werent observed for some time. The mathematical justification for the existence of Trojan asteroids was developed in 1772 by Joseph-Louis Lagrange. The  application of the theory he developed led to his name being attached to it.   However, it was not until 1906 that asteroids were found at the L4 and L5 Lagrange points along Jupiters orbit.  Recently, researchers have found that there may be a very large number of Trojan asteroids around Jupiter. This makes sense since Jupiter has a very strong gravitational pull and likely captured more asteroids into its area of influence.  Some say there are could be as many around Jupiter as there are in the Asteroid Belt. However, recent studies have found that there may be systems of Trojan asteroids elsewhere in our solar system. These may actually outnumber the asteroids in both the Asteroid Belt and Jupiters Lagrange points by an order of magnitude (i.e. there could be at least more than 10 times more). Additional Trojan Asteroids In one sense, Trojan asteroids should be easy to find. After all, if they orbit at the L4 and L5 Lagrange points around planets, so observers know exactly where to look for them. However, since most of the planets in our solar system are very far away from Earth and because asteroids can be very tiny and incredibly hard to detect, the process of finding them, and then measuring their orbits, is not very simple. In fact, it can be very difficult!   As evidence of this, consider that the ONLY Trojan asteroid is known to orbit along Earths path — 60 degrees in front of us — was just  confirmed to exist in 2011!  There are also seven confirmed Mars Trojan asteroids. So, the process of finding these objects in their predicted orbits around other worlds requires painstaking work and a great many observations at different times of the year to get a direct and accurate measure of their orbital periods.   Most interesting though is the presence of Neptunian Trojan asteroids. While there around a dozen confirmed, there are many more candidates. If confirmed, they would significantly outnumber the combined asteroid count of the Asteroid Belt and Jupiter Trojans. This is a very good reason for continuing to study this distant region of the solar system.   There still could be additional groups of Trojan asteroids orbiting various objects in our solar system, but as yet these are the sum total of what we have found. More surveys of the solar system, particularly using infrared observatories, could turn up many additional Trojans orbiting among the planets.   Edited and revised by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Analysis of “The Potato Eaters” by Vincent Van Gogh Essay

Impressionism and Post-Impressionism Analysis of â€Å"The Potato Eaters† by Vincent Van Gogh In 1883, after leaving his wife Sien and his children Vincent Van Gogh headed to Nuenen. Coming off a disturbing part of his life, which included the break up with his ex-wife with several issues and suffering from gonorrhea, he was having a considerably difficult time. In Nuenen, Van Gogh started to devote himself to drawing, and started to gain attachment and sympathy for the peasant way of living. This attachment brought him to study closer the works of Jean-Franà §ois Millet, an artist who Van Gogh praised for his paintings of peasant working. Van Gogh believed the subjects to be of great†¦show more content†¦The final piece was done in his studio, as he wanted to be interpreting it mainly by memory. Nevertheless, struggling to achieve the spontaneity, he returned to the cottage to retouch the canvas ‘from life’; mainly for expressions. The painting shows three female and two male figures, sitting at a round table eating potatoes. Over them, on the center of the painting, an oil lamp candle burns as the only source of light in the painting. As previously mentioned, this painting was created using chiaroscuro, and therefore did not contain so many diverse colors. Instead, Van Gogh used several shades of black and brown, and then a little bit of orange for the burning flame. One out of the three female figures has her back to you and is set in the middle of the painting serving as a repoussoir element. The figure is also stopping the light that is being â€Å"reflected† off the table and onto us. Around her, you can notice Van Gogh almost created an aura of smoke, to also continue portraying this dirty gloomy environment, which the peasants live within. Van Gogh also focused on the face of the peasants, which convey emotion and which seem to all be interacting with one-another. It is interesting to notice how he uses the shadows to show how that burning flame is the only source of light in the painting. When looking at it in the Museum, it is extremely powerful, and the bright color of the burning flame is extremely penetrating andShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Merry Family 1642 Words   |  7 PagesSparks FAS-202 02/04/2017 Artist s Name: Jan Havicksz Steen Title: The Merry Family Style movement: Baroque Date: 1668 Location: Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam Origin: Leiden, Netherlands Artist s Name: Vincent van Gogh Title: The Potato Eaters Style movement: Postimpressionism Date: 1885 Location: Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam Origin: Nuenen, Netherlands Artist s Name: Jeremie Fischer Title: Is the Family Dinner Overrated? Style movement: Post Modernism Date: 2012 Location: New York Times Origin: NewRead MoreWhat Category Does The Art Fall Under? How Can You Tell?1103 Words   |  5 Pagescanvas pointing towards his face, making his face the focal point. Describe the initial emotions you feel when viewing the art. Then list any adjectives that describe how you feel when looking at the art. When I look at this painting, I feel like Van Gogh is looking at me. His body is faced to the left, but his eyes are looking straight forward. When you look at the piece, you make eye contact with him. I feel like his eyes are sad when I look at him, and he is not smiling either. He is probably notRead MoreThe Starry Night And The Scream1763 Words   |  8 PagesThe Starry Night and The Scream Vincent Van Gogh was born in the Netherlands on March 30, 1853. He pursued many other things in his life before deciding to become an artist. He was brought up in a religious atmosphere, being the son of a preacher. He was a preacher himself for a while in Borinage, a mining district in Belgium. At one point he wanted to dedicate his life to reaching out to those in poverty. At other points in his life he worked as an art salesman and a bookstore clerk. After being

Essay about Teacher quality is Determined by Many Factors

Today’s teachers are some of the world’s most invaluable resources. Teaching is an important and difficult career that shapes not only the future of a student’s life but also the future of a society. The most important of the teacher’s many duties is the primary goal of educating the student. The quality of a teacher is determined by a wide range of factors. Research and tests have proven that the quality of the teacher has a great effect on how successfully the student learns (Suh, Fore, 2002). In one study, students that were placed with highly effective teachers for three years in a row scored 52 percentile points higher on a Tennessee state mathematics assessment than did students that had been placed with three consecutive†¦show more content†¦Ensuring teacher quality is one of the main objectives of the No Child Left Behind Act. NCLB, as it is sometimes called (â€Å"Online Thesaurus,† 2004), requires states to employ a highly-qualifi ed teacher in every public school classroom by the end of the 2005-2006 school year (â€Å"NCLB,† 2004). The act defines what is required by the government in order for a teacher to officially be considered highly-qualified. According to these requirements, a highly-qualified elementary and secondary school teacher must receive state certification, hold at least a bachelors degree, and demonstrate subject-area competence (â€Å"NCLB,† 2004). Competence and certification are determined by the individual state through its chosen form of established assessment. The act also requires states to plan annual, measurable objectives that each of the local school districts and schools must fulfill. States must then report on their progress in their annual report cards (â€Å"United States,† 2004). The ideas about teacher quality presented by NCLB, however, are also subject to debate (Dobbs, 2004). Opponents of NCLB believe that the act allows â€Å"content experts† to take over classrooms without proper teaching experience or knowledge of effective teaching skills (Kaplan, Owings, 2004). In a recent national poll, 42% of participants felt thatShow MoreRelatedTeacher Shortage Is A Difficult Time With Teacher Shortages Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is currently facing a difficult time with teacher shortages. In North Carolina alone, 14.8 percent of teachers left the profession in the school years of 2014-2015 according to the Public School Forum (Barth et al. 23). Teacher shortage is a crucial topic to keep at the forefront of discussion because it affects the quality of education that students receive and, subsequently, the future of the United States. It is crucial for the United States to enhance student performance inRead MoreSpearman Rs Analysis E ssay885 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy for the purpose of measuring teacher perceptions of their professional learning experiences in relation to these standards. Rather than using the SAI, the department of education utilized the TELL survey to assess the professional learning experiences of the Commonwealth’s teachers. The results of the analyses performed in this study indicated that a majority of the items on the TELL survey strongly correlated with four of the seven standards of quality professional learning adopted by Kentucky’sRead MoreExtended Professionalism Of Chinese Context1583 Words   |  7 Pages2.5.Teachers’ Extended Professionalism in Chinese Context China has long been under the educational reform for decades, and the result brought by this reform is defined as decentralisation, which is described by Hanson (1997) and Bray (2003) as a process in which the power is distributed from central government to individual educational institutions. This process also triggered power redistribution. The decentralisation also results in the issues such as ‘managerialism’, ‘accountability’, and ‘competition’Read MoreThe Human Learning Discusses Motivation And Affect1457 Words   |  6 Pages People have goals that may be similar, but given that people are very different in their makeup and background, makes them have different outcomes. What makes everyone want to be complete in life is that each person has some type of motivating factor that helps a person plan and move forward. Chapter 16 of Ormrod’s Human Learning discusses motivation and affect, which is described as an internal state that arouses a person to action, pushes a person in certain directions, and keeps an individualRead MoreTurnover of Public School Teachers in the United States Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesTurnover of public school teachers in the United States Introduction There is a consensus among the concerned stakeholders that the quality of teachers is the leading factor in determination of student performance. In the case of United States, the student performance can only be given an impetus by the efforts which the state can make, under all costs, to develop and retain high quality teachers. The measures undertaken determine the level of turnover of the school teachers. Lazear (2009) similarlyRead MoreDefinition Of Self Selection Bias751 Words   |  4 Pagesinto a group resulting in a biased sample such as the school lotteries where only those students are enrolled who (or whose parents) chose to. Kahlenberg and Potter warned the readers about â€Å"self-selection bias† in Smarter Charter, and stated that many national studies about the effectiveness of charter schools are not controlled for self-selection bias, therefore, their results do not provide an adequate portrayal about charter schools (Kahlenberg and Potter, p. 70). â€Å"Self-selection bias† alsoRead MoreThe Role Of Teacher Evaluation1329 Words   |  6 Pages The role of teacher evaluation is a current topic in education discussions. Teacher evaluation is a tool that has been influential for a long time in United States history. Teacher evaluation is a powerful tool in education which means that the old and current systems need to be reformed to make a newer system as efficient as possible. Consequently, teacher evaluation has been reformed over many centuries in the United States. During the late 18th century there were hardly any instances of whatRead MoreAmerican Voting Patterns, By Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, And Donald Stokes879 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior that occurred in the United States alone. Second, they focused on the presidential elections and the electoral process. They included numerous factors, including the human element, â€Å"Voting choice is an act of individual human beings, and the collective decisions of a state or national electorate are formed from the choices of a great many individual p eople.† The group who conducted the research gave a detailed account of their process and what influences they considered in the investigationRead MoreThe Nonconstructive Nature of Standardized Testing Essay740 Words   |  3 Pagesconstructive assessment. This nonconstructive assessment has become relied upon by the school board to somehow grade the students accurately on a subject that is taught in a small window of time. This is a window that is a two week period and doesnt give teachers nor students enough time to learn or teach it. This is detrimental to the student body by not allowing a them to be properly +assessed. Throughout the last century, American education has used standardized testing to assess the aptitudes and achievementRead MoreAchievement Gap : Arizona Teacher Retention959 Words   |  4 PagesAchievement Gap; Arizona Teacher Retention Over the passed fifteen years, the Bush and Obama Administration have cut spending in the education department dramatically. This translates into decreased pay for teachers, limited expenditures for each student, and limited expenditures within the classroom. This decrease in pay roll for teachers has even gone as far as laying off hard working teachers. With the contraction of spending allotted by the government, the absence of quality teachers has emerged resulting

Deficit Spending Essay Example For Students

Deficit Spending Essay Spending financed not by current tax receipts, but by borrowing ordrawing upon past tax reserves. , Is it a good idea? Why does the U.S. run adeficit? Since 1980 the deficit has grown enormously. Some say its a bad thing,and predict impending doom, others say it is a safe and stable necessity tomaintain a healthy economy. When the U.S. government came into existence and for about a 150 yearsthereafter the government managed to keep a balanced budget. The only times abudget deficit existed during these first 150 years were in times of war orother catastrophic events. The Government, for instance, generated deficitsduring the War of 1812, the recession of 1837, the Civil War, the depression ofthe 1890s, and World War I.However, as soon as the war ended the deficitwould be eliminated and the economy which was much larger than the amounted debtwould quickly absorb it. The last time the budget ran a surplus was in 1969during Nixons presidency. Budget deficits have grown larger and more frequentin the last half-century. In the 1980s they soared to record levels. TheGovernment cut income tax rates, greatly increased defense spending, and didntcut domestic spending enough to make up the difference. Also, the deep recessionof the early 1980s reduced revenues, raising the deficit and forcing theGovernment to sp end much more on paying interest for the national debt at a timewhen interest rates were high. As a result, the national debt grew in size after1980. It grew from $709 billion to $3.6 trillion in 1990, only one decade later. Increase of National Debt Since 1980 MonthAmount 12/31/1980$930,210,000,000.00 *12/31/1981$1,028,729,000,000.00 *12/31/1982$1,197,073,000,000.00 *12/31/1983$1,410,702,000,000.00 *12/31/1984$1,662,966,000,000.00 *12/31/1985$1,945,941,616,459.8812/31/1986$2,214,834,532,586.4312/31/1987$2,431,715,264,976.8612/30/1988$2,684,391,916,571.4112/29/1989$2,952,994,244,624.7112/31/1990$3,364,820,230,276.8612/31/1991$3,801,698,272,862.0212/31/1992$4,177,009,244,468.7712/31/1993$4,535,687,054,406.1412/30/1994$4,800,149,946,143.7510/31/1995$4,985,262,110,021.0611/30/1995$4,989,329,926,644.3112/29/1995$4,988,664,979,014.5401/31/1996$4,987,436,358,165.2002/29/1996$5,017,040,703,255.0203/29/1996$5,117,786,366,014.5604/30/1996$5,102,048,827,234.2205/31/1996$5,128,508,504,892.8006/28/1996$5,161,075,688,140.9307/31/1996$5,188,888,625,925.8708/30/1996$5,208,303,439,417.9309/30/1996$5,224,810,939,135.7310/01/1996$5,234,730,786,626.5010/02/1996$5,235,509,457,452.5610/03/1996$5,222,192,137,251.6210/04/1996$ 5,222,049,625,819.53* Rounded to MillionsFederal spending has grown over the years, especially starting in the1930s in actual dollars and in proportion to the economy (Gross Domestic Product,or GDP). Beginning with the New Deal in the 1930s, the Federal Government cameto play a much larger role in American life. President Franklin D. Rooseveltsought to use the full powers of his office to end the Great Depression. He andCongress greatly expanded Federal programs. Federal spending, which totaled lessthan $4 billion in 1931, went up to nearly $7 billion in 1934 and to over $8billion in 1936. Then, U.S. entry into World War II sent annual Federal spendingsoaring to over $91 billion by 1944. Thus began the ever increasing debt of theUnited States. What if the debt is not increasing as fast as we think it is? The dollaramount of the debt may increase but often times so does the amount of money orGDP to pay for the debt. This brings up the idea that the deficit could be runwithout cost. How could a deficit increase productivity without any cost? The idea ofhaving a balanced budget is challenged by the ideas of Keynesian Economics. Keynesian economics is an economic model that predicts in times of low demandand high unemployment a deficit will not cost anything. Instead a deficitwould allow more people to work, increasing productivity. A deficit does thisbecause it is invested into the economy by government. For example if thegovernment spends deficit money on new highways, trucking will benefit and morejobs will be produced. When an economic system is in recession all of itsresources are not being used. For example if the government did not buildhighways we could not ship goods and there would be less demand for them. Thesupply remains low even though we have the ability to produce more because wecannot ship them. This non-productivity comes at a cost to the whole economicsystem. If deficit spending eliminates non-productivity then its direct monetarycost will be offset if not surpassed by increased productivity. For example inthe 1980s when the huge deficits were adding up the actual additions to thepublic ca pital or increased productivity were often as big, or bigger than thedeficit. This means as long as the government spends the money it gains from adeficit on assets